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John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe (; also spelled ''Wyclif'', ''Wycliff'', ''Wiclef'', ''Wicliffe'', ''Wickliffe''; 1331 – 31 December 1384)〔For a recent biography see: Andrew Larsen, ''John Wyclif c. 1331-1384'', in Ian Christopher Levy (ed.), ''A Companion to John Wyclif. Late Medieval Theologian'', Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 1-61.〕 was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, translator, reformer and university teacher at Oxford in England. He was an influential dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers were known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preached anticlerical and biblically-centred reforms. The Lollard movement was a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. He has been characterized as the evening star of scholasticism and the Morning Star of the Reformation.〔 Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind." ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' (2003) p 343.〕 He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority over secular power. In assessing Wycliffe’s historical role, Lacey Baldwin Smith argues that Wycliffe expounded three doctrines that the established church recognized as major threats. First was his emphasis upon an individual's interpretation of the Bible as the best guide to a moral life, as opposed to the Church’s emphasis on receiving its sacraments as the only way to salvation. Second, he insisted that holiness of an individual was more important than official office; that is, a truly pious person was morally superior to a wicked ordained cleric. Wycliffe challenged the privileged status of the clergy, which was central to their powerful role in England. Finally he attacked the exorbitant luxury and pomp of the churches and their ceremonies.〔Lacey Baldwin Smith, ''This Realm of England: 1399 to 1688'' (3rd ed. 1976), p. 41〕
Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common language. He completed his translation directly from the Vulgate into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as Wycliffe's Bible. It is probable that he personally translated the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; and it is possible he translated the entire New Testament, while his associates translated the Old Testament. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed by 1384, with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant John Purvey and others in 1388 and 1395.
== Early life ==
Wycliffe was born in the village of Hipswell in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England in the mid-1320s. His family was long settled in Yorkshire. The family was quite large, covering considerable territory, principally centred on Wycliffe-on-Tees, about ten miles to the north of Hipswell.
Wycliffe received his early education close to his home.〔.〕 It is not known when he first came to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life, but he is known to have been at Oxford around 1345. Thomas Bradwardine was the archbishop of Canterbury, and his book ''On the Cause of God against the Pelagians'', a bold recovery of the Pauline-Augustine doctrine of grace, would greatly shape young Wycliffe's views,〔.〕 as did the Black Death which reached England in the summer of 1348.〔(Murray, Thomas. ''The Life of John Wycliffe'', Edinburgh, J. Boyd, 1829 )〕 From his frequent references to it in later life, it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him. According to Robert Vaughn, the effect was to give Wycliffe "very gloomy views in regard to the condition and prospects of the human race."〔(Vaughn, Robert. ''Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe'', (intro), The Wycliffe Society, London, Blackburn and Pardon, 1845 )〕 Wycliffe would have been at Oxford during the St Scholastica Day riot in which sixty-three students and a number of townspeople were killed.
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